thomaschap

China holds a commanding position in world economy. Its economy has grown immensely since1978, when it launched its "reform and opening-up" strategy. It is now the world's second largest economy by nominal GDP and by purchasing power parity, next only to the United States according to a report "Gauging china's influence" published by the international monetary fund (IMF) in December 2010. Its real gross domestic product has grown by about 10 per cent annually, implying a doubling every seven to eight years.

China's share of world GDP and trade is rising rapidly. It is increasing its linkages with the rest of the world. Its share in world trade has increased nearly tenfold over the past three decades, to about 9 per cent, while its share in world GDP has risen to 13 per cent from less than 3 per cent during the period, according to IMF. Flows of trade and capital between china and the rest of the world are causing growth in other countries. 

Many countries were drawn to invest in china for its cheap labor and strong infrastructure like roads, ports, airports and energy systems. It has also flourished in energy and mineral resources such as coal, iron ore, crude petroleum, natural gas, antimony ore, tin, tungsten, salt, vanadium and molybdenum. China is also gifted with ample potentials for hydroelectric resources because of its river network and mountain terrain.

Lately, however, the pattern of investment in China is undergoing a change, due mainly to hike in wage structure-- approximately 25 per cent a year in major industry sectors. China is also experiencing some worrying inflationary trends right now that are pushing up the prices of everything from a bowl of rice to apartment rentals. Added to that, China unified its corporate income tax system last year, bringing the previous low rates that foreign businesses enjoyed in some cases from 15 to 25 per cent. 

That is why, it has become a matter of concern for the foreign investors to consider finding out another country which can supplement their investment decisions. China plus One or China +1 is an international business strategy that consists of the expansion of one company's current operations in China, say, to a Southeast Asian nation as there is a proverb "don't put your all eggs in a single basket". Many countries are now looking for a country having low wage rate, dth hammer bits strong infrastructure and a suitable atmosphere for business. Vietnam in this case is fast coming up to prove itself as a decent destination of realising the need of a second country to invest.

Many countries are now contemplating to exploit the prospects of investing in Vietnam. "A lot of contact manufacturers have moved to Vietnam," said the CEO for the Asia-Pacific region at DB Schenker (subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn AG that focuses on logistics). "The country has moved beyond its early cargo base and increasingly takes care of electronics manufacturing, a trend that has been stoked further by many companies' 'China plus one' strategy,'' he added.

Japan's Yusen Air and Sea Service last year opened an office and a 64,000 sq ft warehouse near Hanoi. Vietnam signed an Sandvik Drilling Tools aviation bilateral with the US which also gives designated airlines the right to carry cargo to and from third countries. FedEx boosted its lift four-fold last year when it upgraded to A310F aircraft to serve Vietnam. It is visible that investment in Vietnam is increasing day by day. In every manufacturing sector foreign investments are rising at great speed.

But the question is why Bangladesh is unable to grip the opportunity. Bangladesh also has the advantaghttp://tugstencarbide.blog.jp/

To improve the overall performance of high-speed steel and improved heat treatment process is a key technology.

In the quenching and tempering of high speed steels organization, residual carbide, which is a part of the secondary carbides and carbide at high temperatures does not dissolve. Their shape, size and distribution of the life of the tool has a great influence. Before hardening, reticular carbide, blocks, or chain distribution, the quenching uneven hardness, poor wear resistance, carbide accumulation place, brittleness. In order to increase its life, carbides become fine particle evenly distributed.

A. Control austenitizing concentric drill bits temperature.
Refined grains are not only improves the strength of the material can be the only way to improve the toughness of material. For high-speed steel and high carbon, high-alloy cold work tool steels can be appropriate to reduce the quenching temperature to reduce the tendency of brittle cracking. Because of the reduced quenching temperature, one can control the M6C, MC carbides dissolved in the matrix, the austenite average carbon content decreased, resulting Ms point rises, reducing the number of twins martensite after quenching, access to lath martensite-based quenching, thereby increasing the toughness of the steel; on the other hand, due to the quenching temperature decreases, the austenite grain size is refined, but also help to improve the toughness. The results showed that the austenitizing temperature of 1200 and 1180 %3, the grain size is 11.5; austenitizing temperature of 1160 %3, the grain size is 12, indicating that the appropriate temperature can reduce the quenching austenite grain has been refined. In addition, with austenitizing temperature decreases from 1200 %3 to 1160 %3, the hardness W6Mo5Cr4V2 speed steel decreased slightly, while the impact energy has increased, the impact energy absorption test values %B�rom the 4.62J increased to 4.96J.

B. Hierarchical tempering process.
The purpose of high-speed steel and tempered by the precipitation of alloy carbides dispersion and transformation of retained austenite sufficient to obtain a stable organization. High-speed steel tempering process is to obtain a higher red hardness, wear resistance and strength and toughness of the key. Recommended literature abroad tempering process generally tend to use twice tempering method. Grade tempered by some domestic factories also be used instead of the conventional three tempering process. W6Mo5Cr4V2 use of high-speed steel grade tempering process, an increase of processing 350 %3 tempering at high temperatures, (350 %3 �� 1 h + 560 %3 �� 1 h), the results achieved compared to conventional tempering better strength and toughness. The results show that under the same austenitizing temperature, W6Mo5Cr4V26 high-speed steel grade tempered abrasion resistance and red hardness better than conventional tempering. Metallurgical testing showed that after W6Mo5Cr4V2 high-speed steel grade tempered with more uniform distribution of carburizing physical point, and more diffuse along the twin boundary carbide precipitation. Tempering allows W6Mo5Cr4V2 grade than conventional high-speed steel and tempered with a better performance. This is because, tempering increases fractionated 350 %3, so that high-speed steel to the precipitation of cementite uniformly dispersed physical point, can promote subsequent tempering M2C precipitation alloy carbides. It is these dispersion, fine carbide distribution makes high-speed steel grade tempered secondary hardening effect is more significant, which has a higher hardness, red hardness and better wear resistance than conventional high-speed steel and tempered. Meanwhile, the crack initiation and propagation along the twin boundary is more difficult, but also help to improve toughness. Performance test comparison are as follows: Hardness: Classification tempered sample is 64.6 HRC, conventional tempering sample is 63.8 HRChttp://thomaschap.blogtez.com/post25.php

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3D printing with metals is not new. But the range of metals that can be 3D printed is increasing quickly. We recently told you about a laboratory breakthrough that allows 3D printing of liquid metal structures at room temperature, something that 360 DTH hammer makes many readers think of the film, Terminator 2: Judgment Day. Closer to immediate and useful reality, industrial 3D printer supplier ExOne has added iron infiltrated with bronze, and bonded tungsten, to the range of metal and ceramic powders that can be used with its multi-material M-Flex machines.

One of the main reasons the company has seen demand for using iron to 3D print parts instead of its existing stainless steel is its lower cost, Rick Lucas, ExOne’s CTO, told Design News in an interview. Iron costs about 25 percent as much as stainless steel. The cost ratio of materials to total part cost also depends on part size: When making parts smaller than the size of the human hand, materials cost is only about 10 to 15 percent of total part cost.

But as parts get larger, materials can be more than 30 percent of the cost. "That's significant," Lucas told us. "You won't find stainless steel in a lot of industrial applications like automotive parts, machine tools, heavy equipment, and support structures. That's where iron is needed, for both cost and strength." Instead, the main use for stainless parts now by ExOne's customers is impellers and abrasive-type pumping applications.

To develop bonded tungsten for 3D printing, ExOne collaborated with a contract design and manufacturing company called rapid prototype + manufacturing (rp+m). rp+m provides rapid prototyping, additive manufacturing, rapid manufacturing, and 3D printing and scanning in-house. In this project, the two companies focused on the design of 3D-printed products for use in protecting people and their environments from ionizing radiation. Along with its partner, Radiation Protection Technologies, rp+m produces these bonded tungsten products as bundled solutions that replace lead in medical imaging and aerospace.

ExOne is also offering two new binders, sodium silicate and phenolic, as alternatives to furan. Phenolic binder is used with ceramic sand for 3D printing molds and cores, used in the sand molding and casting industry. "Depending on the shape and geometry of the part, you may need something stronger than furan," said Lucas. Phenolic creates a higher strength mold or core, allows higher heat alloys to be cast, and reduces the amount of expansion of the mold or core, improving casting quality. Customers in the hydraulic equipment, heavy equipment, and pump industries, as well as aviation and automotive, requested this new binder material. The sodium silicate binder is a greener alternative to furan, reducing fumes and gas during casting.

All of ExOne's 3D printers, including M-Flex, employ a print head that distributes the binder via jetting it into beds of specially formulated materials. The M-Flex build chamber measures 400 mm x 250 mm x 250 mm (15.7 inch x 9.8 inch x 9.8 inch), and achieves speeds of up to 30 seconds per layer. It's designed for manufacturing either short runs or prototypes of metal parts.

Currently available materials for the M-Flex include silica sand, ceramic Sandvik DTH Hammer sand, stainless steel, glass, copper, iron, and tungsten. The goal is to make at least one new material class available every six months, Lucas told us.

The company's internal Material Applications Laboratory is currently working on several other materials in different stages of development. These include alumina, silicon carbide, chromite, titanium, graphttp://leandercle.blogtez.com/post7.php

The tungsten steel of alloy tool steel contains 0.8-1.2% of tungsten;chromium-tungsten steels contain 2-2.7% of tungsten; chromium tungsten steelscontain 2-9% of tungsten; chromium-tungsten-manganese steels contain 0.5-1.6%of tungsten. Tungsten-containing steel is used for manufacturing various tools,such as drills, milling cutters, wortle, female die and male die, air supporttools and other parts. Tungsten magnet is the permanent magnet steel whichcontains 5.2-6.2% of tungsten, 0.68-0.78% of carbon, 0.3-0.5% of chromium.Tungsten-cobalt magnet is the hard magnetic material which contains 11.5-14.5%of tungsten, 5.5-6.5% of molybdenum, 11.5-12.5% of cobalt. All of them are havinghigh magnetization and coercivity.

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Tungstencarbide base

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Tungsten carbide has high hardness, wear resistanceand refractory properties. These alloys are containing 85-95% of tungstencarbide and 5-14% of cobalt, cobalt as a binder metal makes the alloy have thenecessary strength. They are mainly used for some alloys which processing thesteel, it also has titanium, tantalum and niobium carbides. All of these alloysare produced by powder metallurgy. When heated to 1000-1100%3,they still have high hardness and wear resistance. The cutting speed of carbidecutting tools is faster than the best tool steel cutting tools. Carbide ismainly used for cutting tools, mining tools, and wortle, etc.

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According to metal powder supplier, as the most refractory metal, tungsten is the composition of manyheat resistant alloys, such as the alloy which contains 3-15% of tungsten,25-35% of chromium, 45-65% of cobalt, 0.5-0.75% of carbon, mainly thread drill bits used for intensewear-resistance parts, such as aircraft engine valves, the working parts of hotknife, turbine wheel, excavating equipment, surface coating of ploughshares. Inaviation rocket technology, as well as machine parts, engines and other sectorsof some high strength instruments, the alloys of tungsten and other metals(such as tantalum, niobium, molybdenum, rhenium) are used as heat resistantmaterials.

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Contactmaterials and high proportion alloy

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Tungsten-copper alloy which manufactured by powdermetallurgy has the good electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity ofcopper and silver, as well as wear resistance of tungsten. Therefore, itbecomes very effective contact materials for manufacturing knife switch,circuit breakers, spot welding electrodes and other working parts. Highproportion rock drill bits alloy which containing 90-95% of tungsten, 1-6% of nickel, 1-4% ofcopper, is used in manufacturing the rotors of gyroscope, aircraft,counterweight of control rudder, radiation shields and baskets ofradioisotopes.

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Electricvacuum lighting materials

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Tungsten filament is the best material ofincandescent filament and helical filaments. High operating temperatures (2200-2500%3)ensure a high luminous efficiency, and the small evaporation rate ensures thelong life of wire. Tungsten used for manufacturing the direct-heated cathodeand grid electrode of electronic oscillator tube, the cathode of high-voltagerectifier and hot cathode heater of various electronic instruments. Tungstenheater works in a hydrogen gas, inert gas or vacuum.

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Tungstencompounds

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Sodium tungstate was used for tungsten metal,tungstic acid and the manufacture of tungstate as well as dyes, pigments, inks,electroplating, etc., also as catalysts. Tungstate in the textile industry isthe catalyst of mordant and dye and the chemical industry producing high-octanegasoline. Tungsten disulfide in organic synthesis, for example, it was used assolid lubricants and catalyst in the preparation of synthetic gasoline. Treatingtungsten ore can be obtained tungsten trioxide, and reduced tungsten trioxidewith hydrogen will obtain tunhttps://blog.goo.ne.jp/jeromephoe